# 海错图

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撰自 /类目 [清代](https://www.shuge.org/collection/qing/), [科学类](https://www.shuge.org/collection/sciences/), [绘画](https://www.shuge.org/collection/painting/), [艺术类](https://www.shuge.org/collection/art/) /2025年07月05日

《海错图》由清代画家聂璜绘制。全套共四册（前三册藏于北京故宫博物院、第四册藏于台北故宫博物院）共描述了三百多种生物，还记载了不少海滨植物，算是一本古代的海洋生物图鉴。所绘每一种物种的空隙处，辅以文字说明介绍所绘物象的名称由来，以及产地、物性特征等，再配以小赞一首。

“海错”一词出自《尚书·禹贡》：“厥贡盐絺，海物惟错。”“错”是种类繁多、错杂的意思，“海错”就是海洋里面种类繁多的生物。因此至少是从西汉开始，中国人就用“海错”来指代海洋生物。所以说《海错图》本质上其实是一本古代的海洋生物图鉴。聂璜可以说是一个清代的博物君，因为《海错图》里边画了各种各样的东西。康熙年间，他游历了河北、天津、浙江、福建多地，考察沿海的生物，在沿海住了很长时间，一直对沿海生物非常感兴趣。他苦于自古以来都没有海洋生物的相关图谱流传，决定自己画一本。每看到一种，就把它画下来，并翻阅群书进行考证，还会询问当地渔民，来验证古书中记载的真伪。经过几十年积累，聂璜最终在康熙三十七年（1698年）完成了《海错图》——这也是他唯一传世的作品。

聂璜区别于以往绘画的表现方式，着意以文字补充图意。他在所绘每一种物种的空隙处，辅以文字说明，介绍其名称由来，以及产地、物性特征、生活习性等，并配以小赞一首，集知识性、文学性、趣味性于一体，读来令人兴致盎然，妙趣横生。但由于作者当时的认知局限，书中记述不免有夸张之处，关于海洋生物习性的记载也存在真假混杂的情况。

《海错图》绘成后，图上并无敬献之词。据内府档案记载，《海错图》是在雍正年间进入宫廷，当时被称为《鱼谱》。之后，乾隆、嘉庆等皇帝都很喜爱这部图谱，乾隆年间还曾重新装裱。后被编入《石渠宝笈续编》。民国时期，故宫文物南迁，《海错图》全套四册也因此辗转分离。现在前三册《海错图》留在了北京故宫博物院，第四册则藏于台北故宫博物院。（介绍[参考](https://minghuaji.dpm.org.cn/paint/detail?id=08554c29db254c1ca0c6d8bdb2fa28c8)）

**第一册**（北京故宫博物院藏）共三十五开（除序外跋）主要描绘鱼虎、河豚、飞鱼、带鱼、海蛇、鳄鱼、人鱼等海洋鱼类。

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**第二册**（北京故宫博物院藏）共三十七开，主要描绘鲨鱼类，如：青头鲨、剑鲨、锯鲨、梅花鲨、潜龙鲨、黄昏鲨、犁头鲨、白鲨、猫鲨、鼠鲨、虎鲨等，其他还有海豹、海驴、海獭、海马、海蚕、海蜈蚣、海蜘蛛等。

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**第三册**（北京故宫博物院藏）共三十九开，主要描绘海鹅、海鸡、海鹄、火鸠、燕窝、金丝燕、海市蜃楼、珠蚌、马蹄蛏、剑蛏、巨蚶、紫菜、吸毒石、海盐、珊瑚树、石珊瑚、三尾八足神龟等。

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第四册（台北故宫博物院藏）共四十四开，内容也以海中贝类与节肢动物为主。
![海错图](https://www.shuge.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/hai_cuo_tu0025.jpg)
**第四册大致图录如下**：

鲎鱼、鲎负火、响螺化蟹、铜槵螺、砚台螺、钞螺、扁螺、白蛳、手卷螺、黄螺、空心螺、象鼻螺、酱色花贝、圆底贝、花螺、深纹螺、掩螺、簪螺、沙虮、台郡溪蟹、瓯郡溪蟹、石蟳、合浦斑蟹、狮球蟹、长脚蟹、沙蟹、虎蟹、拨棹、福州膏蟹、、篆背蟹、鬼面蟹、蝤蛑、和尚蟹、拥剑蟹、毛蟹、虾公蟹、虾化蜻蛉、大蚶虾、黄虾、变种虾、空须龙虾、天虾、紫虾红虾白虾、龙头虾

第一册中序文末记：時康熙戊寅仲夏，閩客聶璜存庵氏題於海疆之釣鰲磯。
![](https://www.shuge.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/haicuotuxu.jpg)
聂璜，字存庵。浙江钱塘人，生平资料极少。根据其自题《海错图序》推测，他生活于明末至康熙年间，早期移居台瓯（浙江台州、温州一带），曾绘制完成《蟹谱三十种》，晚期云游各地。

清康熙三十七年绘本

清代 聂璜 绘制

四册。蝴蝶装，画芯：约30.4x68厘米，纸本设色

海錯圖序：時 康熙戊寅仲夏，閩客聶璜存庵氏題於海疆之釣鰲磯

观海赞及跋文

圖海錯序：時康熙戊寅仲夏，閩客聶璜存庵氏題於海疆之掬潮亭

观海赞及跋文

乾隆御覽之寶、乾隆鑑賞、三希堂精鑑璽、宜子孫、嘉慶御覽之寶、宣統御覽之寶

前三册：北京故宫博物院藏（[第一册](https://minghuaji.dpm.org.cn/paint/detail?id=08554c29db254c1ca0c6d8bdb2fa28c8)、[第二册](https://minghuaji.dpm.org.cn/paint/detail?id=51590aee4e1942a9ac428c363ed10ba7)、[第三册](https://minghuaji.dpm.org.cn/paint/detail?id=97eea6c77575437fb1cfbd586a61a4f7)）

第四册：[台北故宫博物院](https://digitalarchive.npm.gov.tw/)藏（故畫 003633-00000至故畫 003633-00044）

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