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Two manuscripts and printed Chinese military albums, with integral notes, and translations of the text, and French titling: "Clef des Manoeuvres Anciennes des Chinois", and "Dessin des Manoeuvres a l'Europeenne", prepared by Frandon for the French Ministère des Affaires Etrangères. [China: no date, but with the notes dated "Foutcheou" December 1882]. 2 volumes, tall thin folio (22 1/2 x 9 3/4 inches). First volume: 18 double-page coloured images with woodcut, hand-coloured, colour-printed, letterpress, and manuscript elements, depicting military battle formation plans (exercises 1-9 and 9 general formations), mounted to form a concertina fold-out, the mounts with blue/green silked edges; Second volume: double-page manuscript introduction by Frandon bound in at the end, 24 double-page coloured images with woodcut, hand-coloured, colour-printed, letterpress and manuscript elements depicting military formation plans (exercises 1-24), mounted to form a concertina fold-out, the mounts with blue/green silked edges. Uniform binding of typical form: beveled wooden boards, the upper cover of each work with the titles in Chinese characters cut out of black velvet mounted on gilt and red paper backing, with a manuscript title in French in black ink on red paper framed with card, each volume within a modern red cloth chemise, all contained within a single red morocco-backed cloth, spine gilt. Provenance: Ernest Louis François Paul Frandon (1842-1904, signatures, text, etc.). A unique pair of manuscript Chinese military albums: a relic of the Sino-French War of 1883-1885. Ernest Frandon enjoyed a long and distinguished diplomatic career, most of which was spent in a part of the world of great interest to France. Frandon describes this career in some detail in the manuscript 'Etat de Services,' which he submitted when he was being considered for a Legion d'Honneur award in 1891. After working briefly in Spain, Frandon moved to Yokohama in November 1880. In November 1882, he received his first posting to China in Shanghai. His work on the present albums dates to the period from April 1883 when he was appointed 'gerant' or manager at the French Vice Consulat at Foutcheou (Fuzhow) in Fujian province. From July 1884 until the beginning of March 1885, he served in Calcutta before being appointed Vice Consul in Kobe, Japan. He remained there for less than a year before returning to Fuzhow as French Vice Consul at the end of June 1885, where he appears to have remained for the rest of his active career (he retired in 1900). The early period of Frandon's first tour in Fuzhow seems to have been particularly eventful: he provided important information about the harbour at Fuzhow, the Chinese fleet, and the new naval yard (built under the supervision of Frenchmen). This all proved to be very useful to Admiral Amedee Courbet during the battle of Fuzhow when the vessels of the French Far East Squadron virtually destroyed the Fujian Fleet, one of China's four regional fleets. Specifically, in his 'Etat de Services,' he notes that he sent a report on the defences of Fuzhow and that he found for Courbet the pilots necessary for the fleet to gain entry to the harbour. It appears that the gathering of military and naval intelligence was a significant part of Frandon's duties, and the present albums fall squarely into that category. In fact, according to his 'Etat de Services,' Frandon made maximum use of his command of languages during his diplomatic career and submitted many well-received reports on numerous aspects of his host nations' life and character. These appear to have varied widely in form, from straight-forward written reports to the present albums, which appear to be specifically referred to by Frandon, as reports on "les excercises militaries Chinois" and "les Forces militaries du Celeste Empire et l'effectif Europeen necessaire pour les vaincre." Frandon is also responsible for specially-commissioned albums of photographs of Chinese manufactured goods (these were exhibited recently to wide acclaim), to actual samples of 'native' goods and manufactures, to 'native' plants, all of which he collected and sent them back to France. Taking a pair of traditional military textbooks as his starting point, Frandon explains (in red ink) and interprets (in black ink) the text and diagrams. As he states in his two-page manuscript introduction in the second of the albums, he intended to point out traits and weaknesses which could prove useful if a 'European' (i.e., French) army were ever to face the soldiers of the 'Celeste Empire.' The first album offers a key to the so-called 'ancient maneuvers,' while the second concentrates on 'European maneuvers' introduced once the Chinese army was armed with European rifles. Each double-page plate seems to have been carefully composed using a selection of smaller woodblocks (of individual figures, small groups of figures, flags, small sections of buildings, tents, etc.), which are combined in a way that illustrates each maneuver. Each of the plates in the first album includes extensive explanatory text printed in Chinese characters to one side (translated into French in Frandon's neat and legible hand), while the plates in the second album are identified only by titles. Using these small individual woodblocks or stamps to form the plates would have given great freedom to whoever composed each plate whilst also allowing for the outline of each plate to be completed relatively quickly. Colour was then added using a stencil process, and the whole was then finished off by hand: adding occasional details or touches of additional colour. Intriguingly, the entry for Frandon in Figures Contemporaines tirées de L'Album Mariani (Paris: 1901, vol.VI pp.155-156) includes a footnote on page 156 which mentions that Frandon authored a two-volume work in 1883 titled 'Les Excercises militaries des Chinois,' but we have not been able to find any other record of this ever having been published, and it may be that this refers to the present albums and Frandon's (unpublished) notes that they contain.
两份手稿和印刷的中国军事图册，附有完整的注释和文本翻译，以及法文标题：“Clef des Manoeuvres Anciennes des Chinois”（中国古代演习图谱）和“Dessin des Manoeuvres a l'Europeenne”（欧洲演习图谱），由弗兰东为法国外交部编写。[中国：无日期，但注释日期为“Foutcheou”1882 年 12 月]。共 2 卷，高而薄的对开本（22 1/2 x 9 3/4 英寸）。第一卷：18 幅双页彩色插图，采用木刻、手工着色、彩色印刷、活版印刷和手写等多种工艺，描绘军事作战阵型图（演习 1-9 和 9 种通用阵型），装订成手风琴式折叠页，装订边缘饰以蓝绿色丝绸；第二卷：弗兰东撰写的双页手稿导言装订于书末；24 幅双页彩色插图，采用木刻、手工着色、彩色印刷、活版印刷和手稿等多种技法，描绘军事阵型图（演习 1-24），装订成手风琴式折叠页，装订边缘饰以蓝绿色丝绸。装帧统一，风格典型：斜面木板，每卷封面均以黑色天鹅绒镂空汉字标题，衬以烫金红纸，封面以黑色墨水书写法文手稿标题，并以卡纸镶边；每卷均置于现代红色布面书套内，所有书册均装于红色摩洛哥皮面精装本中，书脊烫金。来源：欧内斯特·路易·弗朗索瓦·保罗·弗兰东（1842-1904，签名、文本等）。一对独一无二的中国军事手稿图册：1883-1885 年中法战争的遗物。欧内斯特·弗兰东拥有漫长而杰出的外交生涯，其中大部分时间都在法国非常关注的世界地区度过。 弗兰东在其手稿《服务状态》（Etat de Services）中详细描述了这段经历。该手稿是他于 1891 年申请法国荣誉军团勋章时提交的。在西班牙短暂工作后，弗兰东于 1880 年 11 月移居横滨。1882 年 11 月，他首次被派往中国上海任职。本书收录的作品创作于 1883 年 4 月，当时他被任命为法国驻福建省福州副领事馆的“经理”（gerant）。1884 年 7 月至 1885 年 3 月初，他在加尔各答任职，之后被任命为法国驻日本神户副领事。他在日本神户任职不到一年，便于 1885 年 6 月底返回福州担任法国副领事，此后似乎一直留在那里直至退休（他于 1900 年退休）。弗兰东首次驻扎福州初期似乎颇为重要：他提供了有关福州港、中国舰队以及新建海军造船厂（由法国人监督建造）的重要情报。这些情报在福州海战中对阿梅代·库尔贝海军上将极为有用，当时法国远东舰队几乎全歼了中国四大舰队之一的福建舰队。具体而言，在他的《军情报告》中，他提到自己曾向库尔贝汇报福州的防御情况，并为舰队找到了进入港口所需的引航员。看来，收集军事和海军情报是弗兰东的重要职责之一，而这些画册也正是此类资料的集中体现。 事实上，根据弗朗东的《外交事务报告》（Etat de Services），他在外交生涯中充分利用了自己的语言天赋，并提交了许多广受好评的报告，内容涵盖了驻在国生活的方方面面。这些报告形式多样，从简明的书面报告到如今的画册，弗朗东似乎特别提到了这些画册，称其为关于“中国军事演习”和“天帝国军事力量及欧洲胜利所需”的报告。弗朗东还负责制作了专门委托拍摄的画册，内容包括中国制造的商品照片（这些照片近期展出并广受好评）、“本土”商品和制品的实物样品，以及“本土”植物，所有这些都是他收集并寄回法国的。弗朗东以两本传统的军事教科书为起点，用红色墨水对文本和图表进行解释，并用黑色墨水进行阐释。正如他在第二册画册的两页手稿引言中所述，他意在指出一些特点和弱点，以便在“欧洲”（即法国）军队与“天国”士兵交战时能够有所裨益。第一册画册阐释了所谓的“古代战术”，而第二册则着重描绘了中国军队装备欧洲步枪后引入的“欧洲战术”。每一幅跨页插图似乎都是精心构筑的，由一系列小型木刻版画（包括单个人物、小组人物、旗帜、建筑物局部、帐篷等）组合而成，以生动地展现每一种战术。 第一册中的每幅版画的一侧都印有大量的中文说明文字（由弗兰东工整清晰地翻译成法文），而第二册中的版画则只有标题。使用这些小型木版或印章制作版画，既能赋予版画创作者极大的自由度，又能相对快速地完成版画的轮廓。之后，采用模板法上色，最后手工完成，添加一些细节或点缀一些颜色。有趣的是，《马里亚尼画册当代人物》（巴黎：1901年，第六卷）中弗兰东的条目……155-156）第 156 页的脚注提到，弗兰东于 1883 年撰写了一部名为《中国军事训练》的两卷本著作，但我们未能找到任何其他关于该著作出版的记录。这或许指的是目前的专辑以及弗兰登（未发表的）笔记。